Renal scarring may lead to complications in adulthood including hypertension, proteinuria, renal damage and even chronic renal failure, which requires dialysis treatment.( 3) The urinary tract is a common source of infection in children and infants and is the most common bacterial infection in children < 2 years of age, both in the community and hospital setting.( 1) During the first six months of life, UTIs are more common in boys.( 2) The outcome is usually benign, but UTIs can progress to renal scarring in early infancy, especially when associated with congenital anomalies of the urinary tract. Uncomplicated lower UTI remains one of the most commonly treated infections in primary care. Family physicians are capable of managing most UTIs if guided by appropriate history, investigations and appropriate antibiotics to achieve good outcomes and minimise antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli remains the predominant uropathogen in acute community-acquired uncomplicated UTIs and amoxicillin-clavulanate is useful as a first-line antibiotic. Simple uncomplicated cystitis responds very well to oral antibiotics, but complicated UTIs may require early imaging, and referral to the emergency department or hospitalisation to prevent urosepsis may be warranted. Diagnosis of a UTI is based on a focused history, with appropriate investigations depending on individual risk factors. Appropriate classification of UTI into simple or complicated forms guides its management and the ORENUC classification can be used. The incidence of UTIs in adult males aged under 50 years is low, with adult women being 30 times more likely than men to develop a UTI. It is one of the most common infections in local primary care. A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a collective term for infections that involve any part of the urinary tract.